Music Business/Law Tips - "Free Goods" (Part 2)

Record Club. It is quite common for a record club to offer records for free as an incentive for a new member to join. The problem is, since new members are given a choice of which artist's record they want for free, there is no way to really control how many copies will be given away. The only way to handle this dilemma is for the artist to restrict the number of free records which can be given away without paying a royalty. The protective language included in the record contract should provide that the number of free records given away through record clubs will not exceed the number of records sold (i.e., royalty shall be payable on not less than 50% of records distributed through record clubs).

Promos. A promotional record, or "promo", is often lumped together with the free goods because it is, in essence, also a free good since there is no royalty paid. A promo is generally a record given away to a radio station to promote airplay. It is not meant to be sold in stores and will contain a stamp on the record that reads: "not for sale". A big problem with promos is that they often ultimately wind up being sold in used record stores anyway, with the artist not being paid a royalty. Since airplay is so important to the success of a record, there generally are not restrictions placed on the number of promos sent to radio stations, etc. because in theory they are not intended for sale.

Since the number of free goods given away can substantially lower the royalty payable to the artist, the artist needs to be keenly aware of a label's policy and make sure this area is well defined in the contract.

Ben McLane Esq
benmclane.com

Music Business/Law Tips - "Free Goods" (Part 1)

This article will discuss the concept of "free goods" as it relates to the sale of records. Whether an artist is signed to a label, or is putting out an independent release for sale to the public, free goods is an important issue to understand because it affects the artist's bottom line. This is because royalties are paid only for records sold. As the name implies, there are no royalties payable on free goods. The information herein is applicable to both the signed and the independent artist.

In theory, the stated purpose of free goods is to help establish an artist, which hopefully translates to the sale of more records. Actually, free goods exist on a few different levels, all of which need to be understood. The three main types are set forth below:

Normal Sales. Generally, these are free goods that exist when a label is trying to push a record. In order to get the stores to stock the record, the label agrees to give away (i.e., not charge a wholesale price) 10% to 20% of all the records shipped to the store. For example, if the label ships 100 records by an artist, it will only charge the store for 85. This is to encourage the stores to buy the record. It often works, too, because the store can then turn around and sell the 15 free goods for 100% profit. For protection, the artist needs to put a restriction in the record contract that fixes a limit on the number of records considered free goods. Most labels will agree to a limit of 15% on albums and 30% on singles, with the artist to be paid a royalty on any excess given away for free. A major issue associated with free goods sold in stores is what are known as "returns". Returns are simply physical records which have been sent back to the label by the stores because they did not sell. The problem arises because royalties are only paid on records sold, not records returned. Many labels will wrongly lump the free goods in with the real returns, and then subtract the full returns from the total records sold, which is what the royalty is based upon. Since the free goods were never "sold" by the label in the first place, is unfair to deduct them later. For protection, the artist needs to have language in the record contract that the artist will receive a "credit" against returns for free goods.

[part 2 next week]

Ben McLane Esq
benmclane.com

Music Business/Law Tips - "Compilation Album Royalty"

Under a standard record deal, most artist royalty deals with a label are about 15%-20% of the retail price (i.e., in general if a record sells for $10 that's about $1.50 to the band) - its the same for a compilation, but instead of a solo act/band getting all 15-20%, its 12-15 acts splitting that royalty on what they call a pro-rata (fractional) basis - so in a compilation deal, the artist needs to ask for:

(1) A pro-rata royalty of 20% (and hopefully no less than 14-15%), and also if the artist can get whats called a "most favored nations" rate it means the artist gets paid the same royalty (pennies per sale) as all the other acts on the comp (even if there is a big name;

(2) That the label lists the artist's credit on the package (name and website);

(3) That the label can only use the artist's track for the compilation (i.e., nothing else like licensing to film/tv) without artist's permission.

Ben McLane Esq
benmclane.com

Music Business/Law Tips - "Foreign Performance Income" (Part 2)

The money earned by a songwriter from the societies (the "performance royalty") is proportionate to the volume of airplay of the songwriter's songs. Performance royalties are based on complicated formulas. Basically, however, the societies monitor radio and television airplay to determine how often a song is heard and by how many people. The larger the audience and the more times a song is played, the more the income. Since it is impossible to cover all media outlets, the societies rely on estimates based upon samples. After deducting operating expenses, the societies divide the fees up and pay it to their affiliated writers and publishers. Societies pay quarterly. All major foreign countries also have a performance rights society. All of the U.S. societies have "reciprocal agreements" with the major performance rights societies throughout the world. Based upon their own individual rules and procedures, these foreign societies log and (after deducting an operating fee) pay the U.S. societies for performances in the foreign territories of the works that are in the U.S. societies' catalog. The U.S. societies (after deducting their own processing fee to analyze the foreign performance monies) in turn pay the songwriter the foreign performance money earned. If there is a separate publisher of the song, societies pay 50% to the writer and 50% to the publisher.

Now, and in the future, there is great potential for money to be earned outside the U.S. Hence, songwriters must position themselves to be able to collect all that is owed them. Joining a performance rights society is the key.

Ben McLane Esq
benmclane.com

Music Business/Law Tips - "Foreign Performance Income" (Part 1)

If a songwriter composes a hit song, it is quite possible that the song will receive airplay in foreign countries. If so, there will be what is called "performance money" due that songwriter from the foreign countries playing the song. This article will explain the process of distributing "foreign performance" monies to the songwriter.

Any serious songwriter should first become a member of one of the United States performance rights societies: BMI, ASCAP or SESAC ("societies"). The songwriter will enter into a contract with the society chosen, giving that society the right to license the public performance of that songwriter's songs. The societies have arrangements with the parties (radio, television, concert venues, restaurants, etc.) who want to use the songs in the societies' respective catalogs. For a licensing fee, the societies will grant to that user what is called a "blanket license", which means that the user can play any song, by any songwriter or publisher affiliated with that society, any number of times. Publishing companies enter into a similar agreement with the societies.

[part 2 next week]

Ben McLane Esq
benmclane.com